Checksum
A checksum is a short fingerprint computed from a file, which changes if even one byte of the file changes.
sha256 is the one most commonly used for evidence. Two files with the same sha256 are the same file; two files with different sha256 values are not, however similar they look.
In practice it does two jobs. It proves a document has not been altered since it entered the file, and it stops the same document being imported twice under two different names.
Related: Provenance, Chain of custody, Deduplication
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